New fish species offers literal take on 'hooking up'

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 27-Sep-2012
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Contact: Dr. Brian Langerhans
langerhans@ncsu.edu
919-515-3514
North Carolina State University

Fishing hooks aren't the only hooks found in east-central Mexican waters.

A new species of freshwater fish described by a North Carolina State University researcher has several interesting and perhaps cringe-inducing characteristics, including a series of four hooks on the male genitalia.

Females of the new species the llanos mosquitofish, or Gambusia quadruncus also have distinguishing characteristics, including a colorful anal spot.

A paper describing the new species, which lives in a diversity hotspot and seemingly branched off from its closest relative more than one million years ago, appears in the Journal of Fish Biology.

Dr. Brian Langerhans, assistant professor of biology at NC State and the lead author of the paper, says that these interesting characteristics may play important roles in mating control and success.

While more research is needed, Langerhans says that four-hooked genitalia on males can serve a purpose when females attempt to block or restrict mating attempts.

"Typically, reproduction is more costly in females, so females favor ways of reducing mating with 'lower quality' males," Langerhans says, "but reproduction is cheap in males and so selection favors ways of mating with as many females as possible. In Gambusia, some females, including G. quadruncus, have evolved modifications that appear to function as a blocking device essentially a big ball of tissue blocking most of the genital pore restricting entry of the male's gonopodial tip. Thus, the female would have to behaviorally allow the male to mate or the male would have to evolve a counter response to avoid this problem."

The four-hooked genitalia could be that counter-response, Langerhans says.

"Having four hooks on the gonopodium may provide a means of overcoming female resistance, latching on to the gonopore and transferring sperm in a manner that facilitates effective sperm transfer. Or it may serve to stimulate the female in a manner that causes responses in the female that facilitate effective sperm transfer," Langerhans says.

Somewhat similarly, the colorful anal spot on females appears to serve as a signal that only certain males are desired for mating.

"The differing, species-specific female anal spots appear to influence male mating behavior by signaling the location of the gonopore to the male, sometimes indicating the reproductive status of the female, and distinguishing fish of their own species from fish of other species to reduce costly cross-breeding, which can result in fish with reduced fitness," Langerhans says. "So it may be that G. quadruncus evolved different anal spots to help reduce interspecies matings and possible formation of hybrids."

###

Note to editors: An abstract of the paper follows.

Gambusia quadruncus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae): A new species of mosquitofish from east-central Mexico

Authors: Brian Langerhans, North Carolina State University; et al

Published: Online September 2012, in Journal of Fish Biology

Abstract: Gambusia quadruncus n. sp., the llanos mosquitofish, is described from east-central Mexico. The region inhabited by the species represents a hotspot of diversity of Gambusia, and G. quadruncus sometimes coexists with at least three congeners. The species differs from its closest relative, Gambusia affinis, in several characteristics with plausible effects on reproductive isolation, e.g. body size, body and fin morphology, male genital morphology (distal tip of gonopodium) and female anal spot morphology (colouration near the urogenital sinus). Moreover, combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data (c. 2158 total base pairs) indicates reciprocal monophyly of G. quadruncus and its sister species G. affinis, with levels of genetic divergence suggesting the two species diverged from one another over a million years ago. The origin of G. quadruncus may reflect a vicariant event associated with Pliocene orogenesis in the Tamaulipas Arch and a frontal section of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Lleran Mesas). Gambusia quadruncus inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats across several river drainages, with its range spanning at least 350 km from north to south, covering over 25 000 km2. A key to aid identification of the species is provided.


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 27-Sep-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dr. Brian Langerhans
langerhans@ncsu.edu
919-515-3514
North Carolina State University

Fishing hooks aren't the only hooks found in east-central Mexican waters.

A new species of freshwater fish described by a North Carolina State University researcher has several interesting and perhaps cringe-inducing characteristics, including a series of four hooks on the male genitalia.

Females of the new species the llanos mosquitofish, or Gambusia quadruncus also have distinguishing characteristics, including a colorful anal spot.

A paper describing the new species, which lives in a diversity hotspot and seemingly branched off from its closest relative more than one million years ago, appears in the Journal of Fish Biology.

Dr. Brian Langerhans, assistant professor of biology at NC State and the lead author of the paper, says that these interesting characteristics may play important roles in mating control and success.

While more research is needed, Langerhans says that four-hooked genitalia on males can serve a purpose when females attempt to block or restrict mating attempts.

"Typically, reproduction is more costly in females, so females favor ways of reducing mating with 'lower quality' males," Langerhans says, "but reproduction is cheap in males and so selection favors ways of mating with as many females as possible. In Gambusia, some females, including G. quadruncus, have evolved modifications that appear to function as a blocking device essentially a big ball of tissue blocking most of the genital pore restricting entry of the male's gonopodial tip. Thus, the female would have to behaviorally allow the male to mate or the male would have to evolve a counter response to avoid this problem."

The four-hooked genitalia could be that counter-response, Langerhans says.

"Having four hooks on the gonopodium may provide a means of overcoming female resistance, latching on to the gonopore and transferring sperm in a manner that facilitates effective sperm transfer. Or it may serve to stimulate the female in a manner that causes responses in the female that facilitate effective sperm transfer," Langerhans says.

Somewhat similarly, the colorful anal spot on females appears to serve as a signal that only certain males are desired for mating.

"The differing, species-specific female anal spots appear to influence male mating behavior by signaling the location of the gonopore to the male, sometimes indicating the reproductive status of the female, and distinguishing fish of their own species from fish of other species to reduce costly cross-breeding, which can result in fish with reduced fitness," Langerhans says. "So it may be that G. quadruncus evolved different anal spots to help reduce interspecies matings and possible formation of hybrids."

###

Note to editors: An abstract of the paper follows.

Gambusia quadruncus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae): A new species of mosquitofish from east-central Mexico

Authors: Brian Langerhans, North Carolina State University; et al

Published: Online September 2012, in Journal of Fish Biology

Abstract: Gambusia quadruncus n. sp., the llanos mosquitofish, is described from east-central Mexico. The region inhabited by the species represents a hotspot of diversity of Gambusia, and G. quadruncus sometimes coexists with at least three congeners. The species differs from its closest relative, Gambusia affinis, in several characteristics with plausible effects on reproductive isolation, e.g. body size, body and fin morphology, male genital morphology (distal tip of gonopodium) and female anal spot morphology (colouration near the urogenital sinus). Moreover, combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data (c. 2158 total base pairs) indicates reciprocal monophyly of G. quadruncus and its sister species G. affinis, with levels of genetic divergence suggesting the two species diverged from one another over a million years ago. The origin of G. quadruncus may reflect a vicariant event associated with Pliocene orogenesis in the Tamaulipas Arch and a frontal section of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Lleran Mesas). Gambusia quadruncus inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats across several river drainages, with its range spanning at least 350 km from north to south, covering over 25 000 km2. A key to aid identification of the species is provided.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-09/ncsu-nfs092712.php

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Iron Tenor, Tender Heart: One True Love | Music | Arts - Epoch Times

Marcello Giordani supports New Tang Dynasty TV?s International Vocal Competition

By Pamela Tsai
Epoch Times Staff
Created: September 27, 2012 Last Updated: September 27, 2012


Marcello Giordani (Dario Acosta)

Marcello Giordani (Dario Acosta)

This year, one of the leading tenors in the world today, Marcello Giordani, will be singing in Carnegie Hall on Oct. 21 to promote the lofty mission set out by New Tang Dynasty Television (NTD): to promote traditional vocal arts of pure authenticity, pure goodness, and pure beauty.

Giordani, whom Opera News calls ?arguably, the greatest leading tenor of his generation,? has sung over 170 performances at the New York Metropolitan Opera in the last 20 years.?

Giordani will appear at NTD?s Sixth International Vocal Competition Concert, singing alongside selected young vocalists. Giordani will also present awards to the contestant winners.?

Marcello Giordani in “Madama Butterfly,” Metropolitan Opera 2006 (Ken Howard)

Marcello Giordani in ?Madama Butterfly,? Metropolitan Opera 2006 (Ken Howard)

?We are very happy to have such a world-renowned vocal artist as Mr. Marcello Giordani joining us,? said Lijuan Nania, vice president and director of the Global Competition Series at NTD Television. She explained that the International Vocal Competition?s mission is ?to revive traditional vocal arts and help talented young artists who dedicate themselves to this field.??

Rising from a small town in Sicily, Italy, to the top of world?s most renowned opera stages, Giordani and his extraordinary voice crafted a unique space in the opera world.?

His repertory ranges from the bel canto operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini and the lyricism of the French operatic repertoire, to the more dramatic roles of Verdi, Puccini, and Berlioz and, most recently, the popular Verismo operas of Mascagni and Leoncavallo.?

In an interview with The Epoch Times, Giordani shared the elements that empowered his dream, enriched his love, and gave real purpose to what he does.?

An Influence Beyond Time

Loyalty and Love—Marcello (L) with wife Wilma (C) and father (R) (Courtesy of Marcello Giordani)

Loyalty and Love?Marcello (L) with wife Wilma (C) and father (R) (Courtesy of Marcello Giordani)

Giordani said he would never have been able to succeed without his father. ?I am from a little town in Sicily where people rarely pursue an operatic career. My father was a huge fan of opera and used to listen to arias all the time, and one day I joined him to attend a performance at the Teatro Bellini in Catania. I was just blown away! I knew it right away: I wanted to end up on that stage and sing all those beautiful arias.?

Giordani considered his father a most extraordinary person. ?Even though he was not a musician, he was my mentor, my guiding light,? he said. Giordani?s father recognized his son?s talent at a very young age and always supported him, both financially and mentally. Other members of the family wanted Giordani to do something ?serious like becoming a banker.??

His father?s influence extended beyond his father?s life. In 1994, Giordani?s father passed away. ?I was really challenged and was about to abandon my career because nothing made sense to me anymore,? Giordani recalled. His wife encouraged Giordani to continue to sing. ?She insisted that my father would have wanted it,? he said.?

Great Art Comes From Goodness and Compassion?

Describing the effect of his first encounter with opera, Giordani said, ?It is a spell that has never left me. It is a pure magic?the music, the stage setting, the story, the poetry, the entire atmosphere, the smell of the theater?it is just a combination of many things that makes opera a beautiful art form.??

Giordani advises young opera singers to ?never ever stop studying, always stay humble, and try to grow as an artist and as a person as well.?

By growing as a person, he said it means to be a good person, a compassionate person. ?If you are compassionate, you automatically have beauty in your heart, mind, and soul.??

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By humble, Giordani means to be grateful for being blessed with talent. ?It is our duty to accept it and make it available to other people.??

Giordani shared two incidents illustrating how he honors his pledge to make his talent available.?

Accompanying his children on a school field trip, Giordani got a call. The MET, which he considers his artistic home, called him with a tenor emergency. ?I had to head back immediately to save their ?Rigoletto? performance that evening.?

?The other unforgettable experience was when the MET asked me to sing two performances in two different operas the very same day. A critic gave me the nickname ?The Iron Tenor.???

Recalling the experiences, Giordani said, ?I think I was almost hypnotized in a way. There was literally no time to think too much. I just tried to stay really calm and focused because only in this way I was able to give the very best of myself.?

Good Advice

As glamorous as it appears on the stage, opera is a profession of hard work. ?Young people need to know that having talent is not enough; equally important is to study, study, and study. It takes a lot of hard work, a lot of patience, and consistency to build a career, step by step,? Giordani said.?

Accepting challenges and overcoming tests of one?s faith and love of singing is part of what it takes to achieve success. ?I don?t think there is an artist who didn?t experience a setback at least once in his/her career. It is very important that you have loyal people around you, people you trust, people who are not afraid to be honest with you,? he said.

Giordani said that he is a very lucky person, who always meets the right people at the right moment.?

“You are the diapason of my life,” Marcello said to his wife Wilma. (Courtesy of Marcello Giordani)

?You are the diapason of my life,? Marcello said to his wife Wilma. (Courtesy of Marcello Giordani)

Wilma, the woman that Giordani met in 1988 when he was singing in Lucerne, Switzerland, is perhaps the most important person that Giordani has met in his life. They were married in 1990. He said to her, ?Wilma, you are the diapason of my life.?

He subsequently met another important person, his voice teacher, Bill Schuman, whom Giordani calls ?the turning point to a new beginning.?

Bill Schuman of the Academy of Vocal Arts (AVA) in Philadelphia is a voice teacher of international acclaim. A native of Portland, Oregon, Schuman studied ?with the famed vocal pedagogue, Luisa Franceschi, who was a prot?g?e of Luisa Tetrazzini and Pietro Mascagni. Many of his students have been heard in the world?s greatest opera houses,? according to the AVA website.?

Giving Back

In the spring of 2010 at the age of 47, Giordani founded a nonprofit organization in New York, the Marcello Giordani Foundation. The goal was to help young opera singers at the start of their careers.?

In the spring of 2011, he launched the first Marcello Giordani International Vocal Competition, which took place in Giordani?s hometown of Catania, Italy.?

?It was a great experience and a joy to watch all the young talents trying to do the best they were able to do at that very moment. As the president of the competition, I always look for their ability to learn and their willingness to be open and accept suggestions and advice,? Giordani said.?

As a busy performer in his prime, Giordani?s schedule is full year-round. Asked why he placed so much importance on supporting young vocalists, Giordani said: ?For the few of us who make it to the top, we shall never take this for granted and always remember the struggle and the sacrifices it takes to get there. I just think the time has come to pay back and to pass on my knowledge to other talents waiting out there.?

In September, Giordani partnered with NTD?s Sixth International Vocal Competition?and will sing three operatic arias, including ?Nessun Dorma,? at NTD?s International Vocal Competition Concert.?

Giordani believes that NTD?s vocal competition provides a great platform for young vocalists to showcase their talents. ?It offers so many possibilities for singers to be heard in a city like New York, which is considered the headquarters of opera business,? he said.?

NTD?s Vocal Competition

Part of a series of nine competitions, NTD?s vocal competition is designed to promote cultural understanding between the East and West. This year, it is open to vocalists from all ethnic backgrounds. NTD?s vocal competition will give out one Gold award ($10,000), one Silver award ($3,000), and two Bronze awards ($1,000) for both male and female divisions.?

According to Ying Guo, the assistant producer of the NTD vocal competition, as of mid-September, more than 30 contestants representing more than 15 countries from four continents have registered to participate. ?Half of them are Asians and half Westerners. They come from the U.K., U.S., Canada, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Russia, Australia, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, and more,? Guo said.?

Contestants will not only perform well-known operatic works in Italian, French, or German, but will also sing a classical Chinese song. NTD?s vocal competition provides the pronunciation of Chinese-language lyrics.

?We are pleased to receive contestants from such diverse cultural backgrounds. We appreciate the warm response from the opera communities around the globe,? Guo said.?

Giordani acknowledged the importance of supporting emerging talents from around the world: ?I am very sensitive to the needs of young singers regardless their nationality. It is very important to support these young singers because they will continue the legacy of great opera, and they all need guidance and help to make the right career choices.?

For more information, see NTD?s International Vocal Competition Concert website (http://concert.ntdtv.com).

The Epoch Times publishes in 35 countries and in 19 languages. Subscribe to our e-newsletter.

?

Source: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/arts-entertainment/iron-tenor-tender-heart-one-true-love-297454.html

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Methods For Successful Internet Website Marketing | Hugo Hosting

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Find out what services are available to you that can help you will get the phrase to potential customers. Online advertising may be beneficial, and knowing what to look for when you are performing same goes with necessary. It isn?t necessary to devote a lot of money to permit other people know of your existence online, but keep in mind that you?ll need to have the assets.

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Source: http://www.hugohosting.com/methods-for-successful-internet-website-marketing.html

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Seminar on Code Division Multiple Access Technology | 1000 Projects

September 25, 2012 by Projects Helper

In today?s generation mobile technology is growing very fast and there are of changes taking place every day. We have lot of choices to select the better transmission system that s more reliable and one of them is CDMA that can access multiple channels. CDMA is a new digital wireless transmission technology form of spread spectrum and it was launched in early nineties.CDMA first converts our voice in the digital form and then send to the user using radio wave. The frequency for the CDMA is not defined and many times lots of users has to use the same frequencywithout interference and the receiving device is design to use the data out of received signal.

History:- The first cell phone were introduced in 1980?s and has? the AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System). In last few years mobile phones technology has grown very fast. Many mobiles use CDMA for better division of code. Phone is called cellular because it divides the area into small cells and each cell is assigned a frequency.

CDMA are better than GSM as it produce very less interference then GSM and they emit very low radiation which harmful for human mind.

Basis of CDMA:-for the transmission of data they spectrum technology that occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth to send information.In CDMA more than one user can access the single channel without creating any problem.

Pros and cons:-it used less power and the transmission rate is very good and it does not allow the network to create the traffic. It also improves voice quality and eliminates external interference. Also provides reliable transport mechanism for data communication.?

Download? Seminar on Code Division Multiple Access Technology?.



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Code Division Multiple Access System Computers Seminar Topics

The research paper?Code Division Multiple Access System Computers Seminar Topics suggests that CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is one method for implementing a multiple access communication system. The research paper...


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Technical Seminar Topics For IT on High speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

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Multiple-Input And Multiple-Output For Ofdm Technical Seminar Topic For ECE

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Source: http://1000projects.org/seminar-on-code-division-multiple-access-technology.html

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Day 25. Gathering. Bush's Beans Chuck Roast Chili with Savory ...

Gathering.

Coming together.

To me Autumn says ?gather.?

Whether it be your immediate family, or extended, or neighbors and friends. Or strangers.

Autumn?s a different season for those who have college kids, so gathering during this time may vary from home to home.

It may be a Sunday, a week day, whatever you choose, but make this one day a week a special day for your family to come together to enjoy a hearty meal.

Start simple, creating one main dish that?s liked by everyone.

Use your slow cooker if it makes ?the day? more slower paced and easy.

With the recipe I?m sharing today, I?ve prepared the meat the day before in the slow cooker, and then the day of ?gathering,? I reached into my pantry to pair Bush?s Black Beans and Bush?s Cannellini Beans (or Bush?s Great Northern Beans work very well, too) together in to a chili.

A simple gathering of pantry items.

For a simple, robust, hearty Autumn meal.


Easy dinners.

Bringing people together.

Gathering.

Do you have one day a week where you prepare supper for everyone?

????Print This!????

Recipe: Slow Cooker Chuck Roast with Savory Carrots {ReluctantEntertainer.com}

Ingredients

  • 3-4 pounds beef chuck roast
  • 1 large onion, chopped
  • 6 garlic cloves, chopped
  • 4 Tbsp. olive oil
  • 1 cup red wine
  • 4 shots espresso (1/2 cup strong coffee)
  • 32 oz. beef broth
  • 1 tablespoon chili pepper, salt, and pepper to taste
  • 8-10 carrots

Instructions

  1. Saute onions and garlic in 2 T. olive oil until caramelized. Place in the bottom of sprayed (PAM) slow cooker.
  2. Brown the chuck roast on both sides, seasoning with salt and pepper.
  3. Place in the slow cooker on top of the onion mixture.
  4. Add the wine, coffee, broth, and seasoning to the same saute pan (scrape the drippings from the roast). Bring to a boil and simmer for 5 minutes.
  5. Place the whole carrots on top of the roast.
  6. Pour the broth mixture over the roast.
  7. Cook on HI 6-8 hours, turning the roast over several times during the day.

Preparation time: 10 minute(s)

Cooking time: 7 hour(s)

Number of servings (yield): 8

????Print This!????

Recipe: Bush?s Beans Chuck Roast Chili {ReluctantEntertainer.com}

Ingredients

  • 4-6 cups Chuck Roast and Carrots, cooked and shredded
  • 1 large onion, chopped
  • 6 garlic cloves, chopped
  • 1 tablespoon chili pepper
  • 1 tsp. garlic powder
  • 2 tablespoon ground cumin
  • 2 cans (28 ounces) peeled, whole tomatoes with juice, cut in small pieces
  • 2-4 cups of your favorite salsa (depending on how much spice you like)
  • 2 cans Bush?s Cannellini Beans (or Bush?s Great Northern Beans), drained and rinsed
  • 2 cans Bush?s Black Beans, drained and rinsed
  • Salt and pepper for seasoning throughout

Instructions

  1. Shred the pre-cooked chuck roast. Add all ingredients together and heat to a boil, then simmer for 30 minutes.
  2. This recipe tastes great made a day ahead. The extra day allows for the all the flavors to settle in.
  3. Serve the chili on top of rice or quinoa. Top with shredded cheddar and colby jack cheese and sour cream and chopped cilantro.
  4. For a bit of contrast, squeeze fresh lime and top with pickled jalape?os.

Preparation time: 10 minute(s)

Cooking time: 30 minute(s)

Number of servings (yield): 8

Catch up on my first 24 Days, HERE. :)

I?ve partnered with Bush?s Beans and was compensated for this post today. As always, all opinions are my own.

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Source: http://reluctantentertainer.com/2012/09/gathering-bushs-beans-chuck-roast-chili-with-savory-carrots-recipe/

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Confronted about child porn, man shoots deputies

By Diana Guevara, Sarah Grieco and R. Stickney, NBCSanDiego.com

Updated at 5:16 p.m. ET: A Lakeside, Calif. man confronted about alleged child porn opened fire inside his apartment, shooting and injuring two deputies before shooting himself, according to the man?s girlfriend.

The girlfriend told NBC San Diego she was getting her two daughters ready for school when she found pornographic pictures of her boyfriend and her two daughters engaged in sex acts.

She headed to the sheriff?s office, showed them the photos and called the suspect to confront him.

He told her he planned to sell the photos for $50,000 to a child porn site.

Read full coverage at NBCSanDiego.com

Deputies accompanied by the woman and her two daughters went to the apartment complex to confront the suspect. She said after deputies stormed the apartment, her boyfriend shot the two deputies and then shot himself.

Both deputies were transported to Sharp Memorial Hospital, KPBS.org reported. The extent of their injuries remains unknown.

One patient arriving to a Sharp Memorial Hospital was shirtless on the first gurney coming out of the Lakeside Fire District paramedics van. That ambulance was followed by another carrying a victim covered by medical cloth.

The suspect was transported to Scripps Mercy Hospital, according to a hospital source.

The shooting occurred at Ashwood and Mapleview streets just south of the?Lakeside Rodeo Grounds, said Lt. Mike Munsey of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department.

Resident Jodi Davis, who lives across the street from where the shooting occurred, said she heard between 12 and 18 shots.

?Multiple shots, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang,? Davis said. ?I said, 'Oh my gosh -- those are gunshots!'"

She said the police ordered her and her neighbors back into their apartments.

Nearby El Capitan High School went into lockdown; students were dismissed at 1:20 p.m.

NBC San Diego reporters at the scene said officers responded from agencies throughout San Diego County.

More content from NBCNews.com:

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Source: http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/25/14099349-two-deputies-shot-in-san-diego-county?lite

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Rural broadband demand continues to grow in the US - NExsT Digital

Rural broadband use and demand continues to grow throughout the US according to a?new report?from Calix. Calix is a global technology company that provides services to support broadband providers. The report shows that rural Internet traffic grew by 53% in the second quarter of this year. As?CivSource?has reported, the big three broadband providers ? AT&T, Verizon and Comcast have all said consistently that there is no business case for rural broadband. Frontier Communications, a rural broadband provider which recently acquired many of Verizon?s rural markets, also announced an expansion into West Virginia as a response to increased demand.

The Calix US Rural Broadband Report is based on Internet traffic information drawn from over 65 US communications service providers and analyses data derived from a subset of Compass Flow Analyse deployments across the US. According to the report, while rural subscribers are starting to see increases in speed and access, two-thirds of rural broadband subscribers in Q2 experienced peak speeds that fell below the 4 Mbps target of the Connect America Fund. The Connect America Fund is a grant project proposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to help bring rural America online in a way that is comparable to urban centers. The big three providers have opted out of the free money offered to them by the FCC to build out this infrastructure preferring instead to focus on creating shareholder value through artificial scarcity.

?Of particular interest this quarter was both the accelerating pace of Internet traffic in rural America quarter-over-quarter, and the fact that much of this increase was seen over copper networks,? said Miguel Alonso, Calix vice president of software products. ?The combination of new copper technologies, a proliferation of video consuming devices, and content moving to the cloud creates a fertile ground for rapid increases in Internet traffic because copper is the most widely deployed access media in the rural U.S. Looking ahead to future quarters, we expect this trend to continue, and promise to provide deeper insights and analysis and we continue to further enhance the report by tracking more applications and endpoints across the U.S.?

Frontier Communications, which opted to take money through Connect America has been?rapidly onboarding?new rural clients including previous markets owned by Verizon that went unbuilt. Frontier announced a partnership with West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin to bring some 400,000 homes online in West Virginia. West Virginia was recently ranked as the worst in the nation for broadband access. According to the FCC, 46% or approximately 845,000 people are without access to high speed broadband.

West Virginia has been working to expand statewide broadband access although their original plan to bring more anchor institutions online has been?fraught with missteps. The Frontier partnership will focus more on building out a residential subscriber base than bringing on public offices and access points.

Source: CivSource

Source: http://www.nexstdigital.com/2012/09/24/rural-broadband-demand-continues-to-grow-in-the-us/

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Nationals roll, cut magic number to 5

By HOWARD FENDRICH

AP Sports Writer

Associated Press Sports

updated 5:21 p.m. ET Sept. 24, 2012

WASHINGTON (AP) - According to Washington right fielder Jayson Werth, the way an intense, September afternoon sun turns fly balls at Nationals Park into adventures "borders on ridiculous."

Well, this time, that "sun monster" helped Werth's Nationals and hurt the Milwaukee Brewers.

A day after the Nationals misplayed a pair of fly balls in the midday glare, Werth wound up with a two-out, two-run double when Brewers center fielder Carlos Gomez lost a ball in the sun to spark a six-run fourth inning Monday, and Washington beat Milwaukee 12-2 to cut its magic number for winning the NL East to five.

"I don't remember a worse sun field, worse sun conditions," said Werth, a major leaguer for a decade. "You almost don't have a chance out there as the game goes on."

Jordan Zimmermann (12-8) allowed one run and four hits in 6 2-3 innings in the rare 1:05 p.m. weekday start. He also delivered two hits and drove in a run as a batter for the Nationals, who are a majors-best 93-60 and increased their division lead over the Atlanta Braves to five games with nine to play.

"We still have a little ways to go, but if we keep playing baseball the way we've been playing, hopefully it'll happen soon," said Ryan Zimmerman, who had three hits and four RBIs.

Marco Estrada (4-7) lasted only four innings for the Brewers, who entered the day 2 1/2 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals for the NL's second wild-card berth. He allowed seven runs - six earned - and eight hits, and acknowledged that Gomez's problems on Werth's ball into the sun caused the righty to lose his composure "a little bit."

"It felt like it was a blink of an eye," Estrada said. "I looked up, the score was 2-1, and I was like, `All right, let's get this guy out. Pop fly.' Next thing you know, it's 7-1. I couldn't believe it."

As Brewers manager Ron Roenicke put it: "It would've been a good game if that ball's caught."

Right after Zimmermann's RBI single broke a 1-all tie, Werth hit a high fly that could have been the third out - but Gomez couldn't find it.

"It is just a matter of being lucky and not getting a ball hit to you when it's in your field of vision," Werth said. "Even then, if the ball is hit to your left early in the game, it goes into the sun. And if it goes to your right later in the game, it goes in the sun. And if it's hit right at you in the middle of the game, you are in trouble."

Gomez paused and held his glove up to try to shade his view, then suddenly scrambled to his left and tried to make a diving catch.

The ball smacked off the dark sweat band on his left forearm and trickled away.

"Nothing you can do," Gomez said.

Roenicke knew his player was having a hard time locating the ball.

"As soon as the ball went up, he was 10 feet off," Roenicke said. "I was watching the ball, where it was, and watching where he was, and I could tell he was off line."

After Bryce Harper walked and joined Werth in a double steal, Zimmerman sent a three-run shot to right-center for his 24th homer and a 7-1 lead.

"Once it gets out of hand, it's tough to keep everybody's intensity there," Roenicke said, "and because of it, a lot of things go wrong."

In Milwaukee's 6-2 victory Sunday, Werth and Harper each failed to catch a ball because of the sun, leading to hits. Werth's misplay was on a shot by Gomez. Afterward, Harper joked about trouble dealing with the "sun monster."

"Payback," said Nationals manager Davey Johnson. "It's a tough sun. I mean, this time of year, that time of day."

NOTES: Nationals SS Ian Desmond stole second in the fifth, giving him 20 steals to go along with 24 homers, making him the team's first 20-20 player since Alfonso Soriano in 2006. ... Brewers 1B Corey Hart hit his 28th homer in the second inning. ... The Nationals will throw three left-handed starters in their next series at Philadelphia, with Ross Detwiler (10-6) on Tuesday, John Lannan (3-0) on Wednesday, and Gio Gonzalez (20-8) on Thursday. ... Washington LF Michael Morse was out of the starting lineup because of a bothersome left hand. ... The Brewers open a three-game series at NL Central champion Cincinnati on Tuesday, with RHPs Mike Fiers (9-8), Shaun Marcum (5-4) and Wily Peralta (2-1) set to start for Milwaukee. ... Harper slammed against the wall in deep center to catch a shot off the bat of Aramis Ramirez to end the first, then rolled onto his back and stayed down for a second or two. Eventually, Harper popped up and jogged to the dugout to loud cheers.

? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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BALTIMORE (AP) - Adam Jones went 4 for 4 with a homer and two RBIs, and the Baltimore Orioles beat the Toronto Blue Jays 4-1 Monday in the opener of a doubleheader to move within a half-game of the AL East lead.

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International law takes on cyber: significant challenges ahead

From: The Hill?s Congress Blog

By Ashley Boyle, adjunct fellow, American Security Project

Speaking at the U.S. Cyber Command Inter-Agency Legal Conference last week, U.S. State Department Legal Advisor Harold Koh confirmed the U.S. position that international law is applicable to the cyber environment.

In his speech, Koh outlined ten principles guiding U.S. efforts on cyber engagement in the international space, most of which align with key provisions of the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. Released in early September by NATO?s Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence?(CCD COE), the draft unofficial document was compiled from the opinions of legal and technical experts, and examines how existing international law, jus ad bellum and jus in bello, applies to the cyber environment.

As the incidence of maligned cyber operations increases, there is a burgeoning need for an international code of conduct between states ? a ?cyber relations manual.?? Given the novel and preeminently intangible characteristics of cyber, the application of laws designed for kinetic activity to this domain presents several challenges that have impeded further development of legal frameworks. Fundamental principles of international law ? thresholds, sovereignty, and attribution ? prove particularly challenging to translate to the cyber environment, as demonstrated by the expert opinions set forth in the Tallinn Manual.?

Thresholds ? International law would come into play when a cyber operation conducted within the context of an international armed conflict breaches a threshold that qualifies it as a ?use of force? equal to kinetic activity.? According to Rule 30 of the Tallinn Manual, a cyber operation would be a cyber attack if ?reasonably expected to cause injury or death to persons or damage or destruction to objects.? Considering the intangible nature of a cyber operation, physical damage is a tall, but certainly not impossible, order. Interestingly, the more pressing concerns of surveillance malware, cyber espionage, and financial crimes would likely be relegated to the domestic arena as cyber crime.

?Sovereignty ? International law is grounded in state sovereignty, a somewhat abstract concept that has underpinned the architecture of world order since Westphalia: the independent authority of a government exercised over a discrete geographic area. Conversely, it would seem that the architecture of the cyber environment has developed outside modern notions of geopolitics, especially given that its end product, information, transcends all geopolitical and social boundaries.

However, a physical infrastructure underlies the cyber environment, from one nation?s servers to undersea cables linking continents to satellites bouncing signals overhead. This infrastructure is owned piecemeal by individual nations and is therefore subject to international law. As such, a nation exercises sovereign control over the cyber infrastructure inside its territory or in its possession; a nation also has jurisdiction over any cyber activities conducted within itsterritory as well as those that use its infrastructure, whether such activities originate within its territory or are simply passing through.

Attribution ? Cyber activity lends itself to anonymity via multiple layers of abstraction. To oversimplify, a cyber operation can be launched by a citizen of State A from the territory of State B and target State C. The citizen of State A can use various techniques at the point of origin to obscure his identity as well as route the operation through any number of nations and infrastructures between the operation?s launch in State B, and its target, State C.

Determining responsibility for a cyber operation requires both the technical ability to trace the operation back to its creator ? an effort that fails more often that it succeeds ? and a legal framework by which to assign responsibility. If the perpetrator of a cyber attack were to be found, assigning responsibility remains a complicated matter because it is not relegated solely to the perpetrator. The operation?s point of origin, the infrastructures through which it passed, its target, resulting damage, and jurisdiction at each node in the attack would also factor into any determinations on state-level culpability.

Technology has historically preceded the law. Cyber operations have already far outpaced the development of legal frameworks, which face challenges in translating fundamental principles of international law to the cyber domain. While a cyber operation that unequivocally breaches international law may have yet to occur, the current absence of a legal framework enables actors deserving of punitive action to operate without accountability. It also leaves open the future potential for false-positives (incorrect assignments of responsibility) and unintended consequences. Koh?s address was well-timed. There is a growing demand to understand how international law applies in the cyber environment, and it is essential that the U.S. have a leading role in the discussion.

Source: http://www.thecre.com/fnews/?p=2176

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Atlanta Mayor: Romney a ?defective? candidate

By Jonathan Terbush
Sunday, September 23, 2012 15:51 EDT

?

Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed (D) said on Sunday?s Meet the Press that Mitt Romney?s comments about the 47 percent of Americans who pay no income tax show once again that the candidate is ?defective,? comparing Romney to a race car driver who is constantly grinding along the track?s wall.

During the panel discussion, top Romney advisor Bay Buchanan said the remarks, which were secretly videotaped earlier this year and released last week by Mother Jones, were being mischaracterized. Not so, Reed said. Instead, he argued that the statement clearly showed Romney dissing half of the nation.

?I don?t even think that this is a question of mischaracterization,? he said. ?All you have to do is listen to the whole piece. His comments were terrible. What he implied were that there 47 percent of the people are basically freeloaders.?

Reed then added that actions like that were not?aberrations, but were rather the hallmark of the entire Romney campaign.

?The best analysis of this election this year that I?ve heard was from a Republican friend that I was having dinner with,? Reed said. ?He said that this guy is defective. He said he?s like being a bad NASCAR driver on a rich team. He said no matter how good the car is, no matter how bad the pit crew is, the driver has got to drive the car. And this guy puts it on the wall every single time.?

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